Armed Forces & Society recent issues

The Impact of Destructive Leadership on Senior Military Officers and Civilian Employees

Reed, G. E., Bullis, R. C. — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 12:05:49 PDT

This article examines negative or destructive leadership behaviors experienced by high-potential senior military officers and civilian employees. The study used a questionnaire based on the Petty Tyranny in Organizations Scale to explore the scope and nature of destructive leadership as reported by U.S. members of the class of 2008 at a military senior service college. It also explored the relationship between leadership experiences and various measures of satisfaction and inclination to remain in service. The authors observe that despite the central role that the concept of leadership holds in the military, even senior personnel reported experiencing toxic leadership. There was a significant negative relationship between destructive leadership and all measures of satisfaction. Surprisingly, there was not a significant negative impact on inclination to remain in service among this career-oriented and dedicated population.

Veterans, the Vietnam Era, and Marital Dissolution: An Event History Analysis

Cohen, J., Segal, M. W. — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 12:05:49 PDT

Event history analysis of 2,241 married males from James Coleman’s Adolescent Society study adds to the evidence that military service, even in the Vietnam era, has not been a significant factor in the breakup of veterans’ marriages. Rather, veterans’ risk of divorce in the fifteen years ending in 1973 hinged on some of the same factors that affect divorce probabilities anywhere and at any time, such as education, religion, number of children, and an early birth. Call and Teachman’s finding that service increases family stability is seen as applicable to high-divorce states, while the present finding that it makes "no difference" applies in states with average divorce rates.

Being a Reserve Soldier: A Matter of Social Identity

Griffith, J. — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 12:05:49 PDT

Drawing on social identity theory, the present article examines the extent to which soldier identification with the small unit is related to outcomes having increased importance to reserve military service. Measures of social identity have stronger associations with unit membership, whereas measures of personal identity do not. Soldiers’ reports of positive experiences when first entering the unit are more strongly and positively related to measures of social identity than to measures of personal identity. Measures of social identity show positive relationships with group-relevant outcomes, such as commitment to the unit and perceived readiness of the unit and fellow soldiers. Measures of personal identity show positive relationships with individually relevant outcomes, such as reporting for duty for contractual reasons and letting their families down and perceived personal readiness for combat. Results imply improving specific small-unit relations and developing abstract beliefs to increase reservists’ perceived readiness and commitment to their part-time military service.

Predicting the Military Career Success of United States Air Force Academy Cadets

Rodriguez, J. — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 12:05:49 PDT

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that best predicted the military career success (twenty years of service and the achievement of the rank of lieutenant colonel) of Air Force Academy cadets. The Department of Institutional Research at the Air Force Academy provided the data. The sample included admitted cadets between 1982 and 1990. Three hypotheses were tested using probit regression: (1) admissions variables, (2) Academy variables, and (3) aeronautical status had a statistically significant impact on career success. The model was 97.34 percent accurate in predicting career failure, 12.50 percent accurate in predicting career success, and 75.57 percent accurate overall. These results suggest determinates of career success largely occur after graduation. They also suggest the possibility to identify those less likely to achieve career success using admissions and Academy variables. Academy leadership may design interventions to increase the likelihood cadets will achieve career success.

Sexual Harassment in the U.S. Military Reserve Component: A Preliminary Analysis

Firestone, J. M., Harris, R. J. — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 12:05:49 PDT

In this research, the authors use data from the 2004 Workplace and Gender Relations Survey of Reserve Component Members to test whether the presence of environmental harassment is equally predictive for the U.S. military reserve component as it has been for the active duty military. They also investigate the impact of deployment on reporting harassment. Women and those deployed outside the United States are more likely to report harassment experiences. Results support earlier findings showing that when there are very few reports of environmental harassment, there are proportionately few reports of individualized forms of harassment. When there are sizeable percentages of environmental harassment reported, there are notable percentages reporting individualized harassment experiences.

Military Psychology in the Israel Defense Forces: A Perspective of Continuity and Change

Ben-Shalom, U., Fox, S. — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 12:05:49 PDT

The current article describes the development of military psychology in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Based on mixed methodology, including in-depth interviews and secondary analyses, continuities and discontinuities in the work of military psychologists are presented. Four phases of development are identified: "establishment of the military" (1947-1966), "decentralization" (1967-1982), "the small wars era" (1982-1999), and "expanded scope" (2000-present). Each phase generated a distinct military psychologist identity: "social scientist," "field practitioner," "organizational development expert," and "operational behavioral scientist." These identities are amassed cumulatively, so that new identities do not contradict previous ones. The four phases of development are compared according to several dimensions. Significant discontinuities include a change in theoretical perspectives, gender composition, and research methodology. Working style during conflict is notably continuous, characterized by bottom-up initiatives. Possible sources leading to the paradigmatic shifts are presented, and an "evolution model" of synthesis is suggested. This model stresses the social challenges facing the IDF and its relevant psychological practices.

Increasing Operational Effectiveness in UN Peacekeeping: Toward a Gender-Balanced Force

Bridges, D., Horsfall, D. — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 12:05:49 PDT

In this article, the authors argue that an increased percentage of female military personnel on UN peacekeeping operations is beneficial to operational effectiveness. They establish a case for a greater proportion of female service personnel that is based on three main premises: (1) a force adequately representative of female service personnel in peacekeeping operations will combat sexual misconduct perpetrated by some male soldiers, (2) peacekeeping is a task of great consequence and is best served by a force representative of both genders, (3) a greater proportion of female military personnel engenders trust and improves the reputation of peacekeepers among local populations. Literature reviews, including media reviews, research, and policy reports compiled by the Australian Defence Force (ADF), other Western militaries, and the United Nations, inform the above assertions and are augmented by research data from interviews with female personnel from the ADF.

A Mixed Methods Analysis of the Perceptions of the Media by Members of the British Forces during the Iraq War

Pinder, R. J., Murphy, D., Hatch, S. L., Iversen, A., Dandeker, C., Wessely, S. — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 12:05:49 PDT

Little is known about service personnel’s perceptions of the media’s coverage of war and its impact on the personnel and their families. Using data collected from a major cohort study of the British Armed Forces, this article examines perceptions of the coverage of the Iraq War among British personnel deployed during the 2003 invasion of Iraq (Operation Telic 1). It draws on the theories of media’s effects and gauges whether hostile media effect or assimilation bias effect takes precedence. The authors qualitatively analyzed the responses of 200 military personnel regarding their perceptions of the media and supplemented this by further quantitative analysis. This led the authors to identify concerns that the media coverage was unsuitable, inaccurate, and too immediate; however, in some cases, coverage was considered beneficial. The importance of the family to those deployed and the extent to which media coverage can affect morale make the military family an important media audience.

The Citizen-Soldier Tradition in the United States: Has Its Demise Been Greatly Exaggerated?

Krebs, R. R. — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 12:05:49 PDT

Many contend that the citizen-soldier tradition in the United States is dead. They argue that the elimination of the draft in 1973, and the establishment of the all-volunteer force (AVF), severed the link between military service and citizenship. The author maintains that this conventional wisdom is wrong. Critics of the AVF have idealized the pre-AVF U.S. military; they have failed to recognize that the AVF was more a product of change in U.S. citizenship ideals than a cause of them; and they have asserted a homology between institutional design (military recruitment system) and a cultural phenomenon (the citizen-soldier tradition) that has little historical purchase. This article reconceptualizes the citizen-soldier tradition as a set of rhetorical conventions, and it demonstrates that these tropes continue to shape political debate in the United States. From this perspective, the AVF did not condemn the citizen-soldier to death: it gave him or her a new lease on life.

Book Review: Collins, R. (2008). Violence: A Micro-sociological Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Soeters, J. — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 12:05:49 PDT

Book Review: Gillem, M. L. (2007). America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press

Nelson, R. H. — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 12:05:49 PDT

Book Review: Jones, S. G. (2007). The Rise of European Security Cooperation. New York: Cambridge University Press

Croft, S. — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 12:05:49 PDT

Book Review: Tannenwald, N. (2007). The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Non-use of Nuclear Weapons since 1945. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

Rappert, B. — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 12:05:49 PDT

Book Review: Resende-Santos, J. Neorealism, States, and the Modern Mass Army. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. 321. $29.99, paperback

Rosato, S. — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 12:05:49 PDT

Samuel P. Huntington

Feaver, P. D. — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:04:41 PDT

Is There a European Way of War?: Role Conceptions, Organizational Frames, and the Utility of Force

Vennesson, P., Breuer, F., de Franco, C., Schroeder, U. C. — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:04:41 PDT

Europe is the region of the world where the network of security institutions is the densest. Yet, these institutions did not erase differences about conceptions of force employment among European countries and between European countries and the United States. Why have concepts of military power and force employment remained distinct and varied in Europe, and yet, what facilitates their convergence at the European Union level into the ambiguous notion of crisis management? We argue that an important answer to these questions is endogenous to the military: both role conceptions and organizational frames of military institutions are key underlying aspects of the differences at the national level and of the common ground at the European Union level. We examine and compare empirically the role conceptions and organizational frames of the armed forces in France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom since the early 1990s.

The Special Air Service and the Concentration of Military Power

King, A. — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:04:41 PDT

In the past decade, Special Operations Forces have attracted much public attention, and, in the United States, a significant academic literature has developed about them. By contrast, few scholars have analyzed 22 Special Air Service Regiment (SAS), Britain's prime Special Operations Forces unit. This is unfortunate. From a peripheral position during the cold war, the SAS has attained a central position in British defense posture. This article analyzes the rise of the SAS as an example of organizational transformation in the armed forces today. The SAS's new prominence may also illustrate the contemporary dynamics of military change more widely.

Civil--Military Relations in the United States and Russia: An Alternative Approach

Herspring, D. — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:04:41 PDT

The key to understanding civil—military relations in polities such as Russia and the United States is military culture. Military culture includes a variety of characteristics or norms of behavior. Some such as executive leadership, respect for military expertise, and a clear chain of command are critical and exist in both the American and Russian militaries. Looking at two periods in both countries (Yeltsin and George Bush II, and Putin and George Bush I), this article maintains that in those instances when military culture was ignored in either country (e.g., a lack of executive leadership, little respect for military expertise, and lack of a clear chain of command), conflict not only existed but also was acerbated. Conversely, in cases where the civilians were firmly in charge but respected military culture, conflict was minimized. Senior military officers felt free to express their opinions and had the perception that their views were always taken seriously.

Guarding the "Guardians": A Prognosis of Panacea for Evolving Stable Civil--Military Relations in Nigeria

Ojo, E. O. — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:04:41 PDT

Of all new states in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, Nigeria qualifies as one that has suffered recurring praetorianism. Nigeria was under firm military autocracy and absolutism for a longer period than civil rule. It is against this background that transitions from the military to civil rule in 1999 made the polity heave a sigh of relieve. However, the performance of the civil government is now a serious concern because of the system's inability to nurture and sustain democracy. Thus, this article reviews all previous coups and attempts an in-depth analysis of salient factors that may be a harbinger of democratic reversal. This paper infers that the performance of the state makes the military an alternative that is only waiting for another auspicious period to terminate the fledging democracy. The article calls for an increase in social spending if the so-called dividend of democracy will make Nigerians a catalyst for democracy.

Deconstructing the Turkish Military's Popularity

Sarigil, Z. — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:04:41 PDT

Why is the military so popular in Turkish society? By using World Values Survey data, this study explores the impact of several political, social, and personal factors on societal confidence in the military. Empirical results indicate that there is a significant variance in confidence in the military across certain political groups. Although the military's popularity is high among nationalists, it is rather limited among pro-Islamic and pro-Kurdish groups. Interestingly, however, religion cuts both ways in the formation of confidence in the military. Pro-Islamic groups do not have much confidence in the strictly secular military, but being a devout Muslim does not reduce the military's popularity. Another interesting finding is that trust in civilians and support for democracy do not necessarily reduce military's popularity. A brief discussion of some implications of these findings for the civil—military relations and prospects for the consolidation of democracy in the Turkish Republic is also provided.

Effecting Discrimination: Operational Effectiveness and Harassment in the British Armed Forces

Basham, V. — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:04:41 PDT

In recent years, the British military has introduced a number of policies aimed at recruiting and sustaining demographically diverse armed forces. Central to these is a "zero-tolerance" approach to discrimination and harassment. However, by undertaking an "effective" reading of policies aimed at managing sexual orientation and gender diversity, and by drawing on qualitative research with members of the British forces, this article demonstrates how the military's own implementation strategies facilitate discrimination against some recruits. It concludes that although the British military is understandably keen to protect its operational effectiveness, by clinging to unreflexive claims about the nature of social cohesion, and in failing to respond to societal demands for inclusion, military officials are undermining the social legitimacy of the armed forces. By extension, they are destabilizing, rather than protecting, their capabilities.

Group Cohesion, Culture, and Practice

Kirke, C. — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:04:41 PDT

Anthony King's "The Word of Command: Communication and Cohesion in the Military" formed part of an ongoing debate in this journal on military group cohesion. For him, the main vector for cohesion is collective military practice in training and operations, which he sees as a precursor to social relationships. In his critique, Guy Siebold drew attention to social psychology's approach through the "standard model." In this article, the author suggests that all approaches to military group cohesion would be enriched by an understanding of the organizational culture in which the soldiers are embedded. The author seeks to demonstrate this point by providing an outline of a model of British Army culture at the unit level, and showing how it adds value to military cohesion analysis by applying it to one of King's ethnographic examples and by briefly showing how it would provide a richer context for the use of social psychology's standard model.

Book Review: Kaplan, R. D. (2007). Hog Pilots, Blue Water Grunts: The American Military in the Air, at Sea, and on the Ground. New York: Random House

Corona, V. P. — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:04:41 PDT

Book Review: Engel, J. A. (2007). Cold War at 30,000 Feet: The Anglo--American Fight for Aviation Supremacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Preble, C. — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:04:41 PDT

Book Review: Finkelstein, D. M., & Gunness, K., eds. (2006). Civil--Military Relations in Today's China: Swimming in a New Sea. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe

Scobell, A. — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:04:41 PDT

Book Review: Peri, Y. (2006). Generals in the Cabinet Room: How the Military Shapes Israeli Policy. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace

Farley, R. M. — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:04:41 PDT

Book Review: Cafario, G., ed. (2007). Social Sciences and the Military: An Interdisciplinary Overview. New York: Routledge. Carreiras, H., & Kummel, G., eds. (2008). Women in the Military and Armed Conflict. Wiesbaden, Germany: VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften

Scott, W. J. — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:04:41 PDT

Acknowledgment of Referees

Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:04:41 PDT

Understanding Russian--South Korean Arms Trade: A Nontraditional Security Approach?

Se Hyun Ahn, — Mon, 30 Mar 2009 12:16:00 PDT

This article reviews both the developments of and problems within Russian—South Korean arms trade cooperation. From a nontraditional and economic security perspective, this article argues that Russia's interest in selling weapons to South Korea has been primarily motivated by economic concerns and that this trade has also secured the economic interests of both countries. By being a new consumer of Russian arms, South Korea can help to alleviate both the serious depression that occurred in Moscow's defense industry after the collapse of the Soviet Union and—Moscow's more immediate concern—Russia's debt to South Korea. In addition, the arms trade with Russia has enabled South Korea to purchase new weapons and space high technologies at very competitive prices. There nevertheless remain a number of obstacles in the Russian—Korean arms trade.

Meeting Family and Military Needs through Military Child Care

Zellman, G. L., Gates, S. M., Moini, J. S., Suttorp, M. — Mon, 30 Mar 2009 12:16:00 PDT

This article summarizes results from a child care survey of military families conducted by the RAND Corporation in 2004 and draws policy implications for the military child care system. The article describes the military child care system, discusses the policy objectives of the system, and summarizes survey results that clarify the degree to which the Department of Defense is meeting its child care goals. The authors find evidence that despite its high quality, the military child care system fails to optimize readiness and retention of military members because these goals do not drive system policies or operations. The article offers suggestions for improving system outcomes.

The Deployment Experiences of Ft. Carson's Soldiers in Iraq: Thinking about and Training for Full-Spectrum Warfare

Scott, W. J., McCone, D. R., Mastroianni, G. R. — Mon, 30 Mar 2009 12:16:00 PDT

William Lind has argued that the U.S. military is improperly configured and trained to fight "fourth-generation" wars, that is, ones in which one of the participants is a nonstate actor and where the strategy, tactics, and battlefield are unconventional. This position has slowly gained acceptance among U.S. Army and Marine commanders, who have struggled to adapt to fourth-generation realities on the ground in Iraq. Drawing on oral-history and focus-group interviews, the authors explore how two units from Ft. Carson, Colorado, have experienced and adjusted to these contingencies. They offer the SAPRR Model as an illustration of their cognitive approach and a plausible combat script for rapid but considered decision making.

Discontent Within the Ranks?: Officers' Attitudes Toward Military Employment and Representation--A Four-Country Comparative Study

Heinecken, L. — Mon, 30 Mar 2009 12:16:00 PDT

Numerous studies have examined how armed forces have adapted their organizational and force structures to become more cost-effective, flexible, and deployable. However, comparatively few studies have looked at how these systemic influences affect attitudes toward military employment. With reference to findings of a survey conducted among middle-ranking officers in the United Kingdom, Canada, South Africa, and Germany, the attitudes of officers toward their current employment is examined within a comparative context, by referring to the impact of organizational restructuring on their careers and on commitment to military service; issues relating to pay, service, and work conditions; trust in military leadership's ability to defend their interests; and the perceived need for some form of independent representation. The study concludes that the present discontent within the ranks is creating a kind of professional or institutional disunity, which may necessitate a revision of how employee relations are managed within armed forces.

"Operationalizing" Human Security in South Africa

Ferreira, R., Henk, D. — Mon, 30 Mar 2009 12:16:00 PDT

Since the UN promulgation of the concept of human security in the early 1990s, one of the countries most enthusiastic about the new paradigm has been South Africa. That country has endeavored to reflect human security values in virtually all state activities. This article examines how South Africa has applied the concept to its armed forces. It argues that the military "operationalization" is evident in two key respects: first, in the country's support for Africa's emerging security architecture; and second, in an increasing willingness to commit military forces to external peace operations. However, this application has largely occurred at the national strategic level. It was much less clear in 2007 that any human security ethos was forming within the South African armed forces themselves.

The Army's Hispanic Future

Dempsey, J. K., Shapiro, R. Y. — Mon, 30 Mar 2009 12:16:00 PDT

Using data from the Citizenship & Service: 2004 Survey of Army Personnel, a probability sample of active duty soldiers and officers, this study examines key questions concerning success in the military for racial and ethnic minorities. It focuses on the degree to which Hispanics are integrated into the Army and compares the experiences of Hispanics to the experiences of whites and blacks. After assessing why Hispanics join the Army and choose their occupational specialties, the study looks at how Hispanics perceive Army life, their personal experiences with discrimination, and the progress of the Army in the area of racial and ethnic integration. By comparing the attitudes of Hispanics to those of whites and blacks, it explores the degree to which race and ethnicity influence life in the Army and the implication of this for the military's future.

Defense Organization and Civil--Military Relations in Latin America

Pion-Berlin, D. — Mon, 30 Mar 2009 12:16:01 PDT

This study examines how defense institutions and personnel are formally organized in Latin America. In a region long plagued by praetorian armies, it is especially important that organizational designs ensure that civilians maintain institutional control over armed forces. For this to occur, it is argued that those designs must incorporate certain principles: (a) enhance the civilian presence in key defense institutions, (b) empower defense ministries, (c) lower the military's vertical authority along the chain of command, and (d) unify civilian power while dividing military power. Based on an examination of legal documents and other data for sixteen Latin American democracies, findings show three general organizational patterns: an ideal—typical defense structure that achieves all four objectives, a second best defense structure that still leaves too much military power unified, and a dual command structure that is least desirable for weakening the defense ministry while coalescing military might high up the ladder of influence.

Americans' Knowledge of U.S. Military Deaths in Iraq, April 2004 to April 2008

Bennett, S. E., Flickinger, R. S. — Mon, 30 Mar 2009 12:16:01 PDT

Americans allegedly have an aversion to battle-related military casualties. Their estimates of military deaths may have influenced support for past U.S. military efforts. But what affects accurate estimates of military deaths in wartime? We review the accuracy of estimates for Iraq and three twentieth-century conflicts, finding that the public's estimates were more likely to be on target for Iraq. Then using five polls from the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, we estimate logistic regression equations in which knowledge of military deaths is regressed on variables typically employed when scholars seek to understand the factors that affect what people know about public affairs. Gender and age always emerge as significant predictors. Education and attention to the news usually matter as well. We also show that estimates of military deaths in Iraq have palpable consequences for opinions about U.S. policies there.

Book Review: Durant, Robert F. (2007). The Greening of the U.S. Military: Environmental Policy, National Security, and Organizational Change. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press

Brown, C. — Mon, 30 Mar 2009 12:16:01 PDT

Book Review: Gilroy, C., & Williams, C., eds. (2007). Service to Country: Personnel Policy and the Transformation of Western Militaries. Cambridge: MIT Press

Cohn, L. P. — Mon, 30 Mar 2009 12:16:01 PDT

Book Review: Avant, D. D. (2005). The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Percy, S. (2007). Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press

Krahmann, E. — Mon, 30 Mar 2009 12:16:01 PDT

Book Review: Cawthra, G., & Luckham, R., eds. (2003). Governing Insecurity: Democratic Control of Military and Security Establishments in Transitional Democracies. London and New York: Zed Books

Karakatsanis, N. M. — Mon, 30 Mar 2009 12:16:01 PDT

Book Review: Samet, E. D. (2007). Soldier's Heart: Reading Literature through Peace and War at West Point. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux

Ender, M. G. — Mon, 30 Mar 2009 12:16:01 PDT

Charles C. Moskos

Burk, J. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

Jacques van Doorn

Moelker, R., Soeters, J., van der Meulen, J. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

After 9/11, What Kind of Reserve Soldier?: Considerations Given to Emerging Demands, Organizational Orientation, and Individual Commitment

Griffith, J. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

Two concepts, Moskos's institutional—occupational orientations and Meyer and Allen's organizational commitment, were used to develop several hypotheses concerning relationships of soldiers' stated reasons for joining and staying in reserve military service to their stated career intentions and to perceived unit readiness. Survey data were obtained from first-term, junior-ranking enlisted Army National Guard soldiers nationwide at three time periods. Time periods corresponded to different phases of the Iraq conflict— before, during, and after the initial invasion. The number of soldiers at each time period equaled about 7,000 to 8,500. Results suggest material incentives may increase recruitment and retention, yet at the same time, such incentives may not enhance readiness. Rather, incentives fostering normative and affective commitments, such as joining and staying for camaraderie and service to country, were related both to self-reported career intentions and perceived unit readiness.

Still the "Pragmatic Professional"?: Pre- and Post-9/11 Professional Orientation in the Australian Military

Jans, N., Frazer-Jans, J. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

This article examines the extent to which the professional orientation of Australian military personnel has shifted since September 2001. Four dimensions of professional orientation are identified, through analysis of ratings of reasons for serving in surveys conducted across the period 1996 through 2006. Duty/Professionalism represented Moskos's institutional orientation and Pay/Conditions, Development/Enhancement, and Adventure/Variety represented occupational orientation. The professional orientation of Other Ranks is now more pragmatic and more professional, in the sense that Pay/ Conditions and Duty/Professionalism motives are now more important as reasons for serving. Officers, on the other hand, have become less pragmatic and more professional, with Duty/Professionalism motives now dominant in professional orientation and Pay/ Conditions motives now much less important. Development/Enhancement and Adventure/ Variety are now less important for all categories. The article argues that these shifts are due to recent changes to Australia's strategic, social, and economic circumstances and notes the practical and scholarly implications of the results.

A Great Place to Start?: The Effect of Prior Military Service on Hiring

Kleykamp, M. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

This article examines the effect of prior military service on hiring for entry-level jobs in a major metropolitan labor market. The research employs an audit method in which resumes differing only in the presentation of military experience versus civilian work experience are faxed in response to an advertised position. Results suggest that employers exhibit preferential treatment of black military veterans with transferable skills over black nonveterans. Veterans with traditional military experience in the combat arms do not experience preferential treatment by employers, regardless of racial/ethnic background. These findings suggest a possible mechanism generating the postmilitary employment benefit among blacks found in prior observational studies. A veteran premium in hiring may stem from the concentration of blacks in military occupational specialties with a high degree of civilian transferability, combined with employer preferences for military veterans with such work experience over their nonveteran peers.

Spouses' Ability to Cope with Deployment and Adjust to Air Force Family Demands: Identification of Risk and Protective Factors

Spera, C. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

Using data from 34,381 Air Force active-duty members, the current study examines active-duty members' perceptions of their spouse's or significant other's ability to cope with deployment of unknown length and adjust to demands of being an Air Force family. Active-duty members' perception of their spouse's ability to cope with deployment significantly varied by rank and time married, with 35 percent of junior enlisted and 30 percent of members married less than three years indicating their spouse would have a serious or very serious problem coping with deployment of unknown length. Protective factors—unit relationship quality, leadership effectiveness, and tangible social support from community members—were positively and significantly related to members' reports of spousal ability to adjust to Air Force family demands. The variance explained by these protective factors was highest for active-duty members who had been away from home for deployment or temporary duty for more than six months in the past twelve months.

Managing Militarily

Resteigne, D., Soeters, J. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

In this article, the authors aim to apply well-known concepts of managerial work to the military. The concepts and methods used are derived from Henri Mintzberg, who paved the way in discovering the "nature of managerial work." The data are based on closely observing two commanding officers at Kabul International Airport, operated by the International Security Assistance Force. Those managers play different managerial roles, and the ability to develop three types of roles—informational, interpersonal, or decisional— depends on their hierarchical level, their own functional area, and the complex environment of the military compound. Compared to conventional managers, military managers during multinational deployments have to cope with specific features such as the importance of language and communication skills (information roles), boredom among the workforce (interpersonal roles), as well as suddenly occurring emergencies and multiple ("political") authority lines inside and outside the mission area (decisional roles).

Which Revolution in Military Affairs?: Political Discourse and the Defense Industrial Base

Major, A. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

Since the arrival of Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld, the discourse of American military strategy has been framed around a Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA). This article takes up the question of whether the RMA discourse represents a real strategic shift through an examination of the distribution of Defense Department spending on procurement across economic sectors and geographical space for the period 1990 to 2004. Detailed analysis of procurement data shows that the RMA builds on an earlier transformation in the United States' defense posture around the post—cold war disarmament rather than signal a new era for the military.

Russia's Northern Fleet and the Oil Industry--Rivals or Partners?: Petroleum, Security, and Civil--Military Relations in the Post--Cold War European Arctic

Atland, K. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

Described as one of the world's most promising new energy provinces, the European Arctic is no longer primarily seen as a military playground. Russia's approach to the region is increasingly governed by national economic interests rather than by national security interests. The development of offshore oil and gas fields, the construction of new pipelines and terminals, the increasing traffic of oil tankers to Western Europe and the United States, and the conversion of naval yards to civilian production represent both new challenges and new opportunities for the Russian Navy. Issues that were previously considered crucial to the country's national security have slowly but steadily been "desecuritized," and new patterns of civil—military relations have emerged. This article discusses the relationship between the Russian petroleum industry and the Northern Fleet and the interplay between Russian commercial and military interests in the post—cold war European Arctic.

Military Service by Twentieth-century Generations of American Men

Carlson, E., Andress, J. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

A cohort perspective contrasting four historical generations of American men reveals sharp differences in the extent to which each generation served on active military duty, in the share of that service that occurred during wartime and in the battlefield ages from seventeen to twenty-four, in the resulting rates of combat-related deaths, and in certain features of selectivity with respect to military service—chiefly education. Service data from Defense Department sources combined with population data from computerized census files produce these military profiles of the Hard Timers, Good Warriors, Lucky Few, and Baby Boomers.

Book Review: Crandall, Doug, ed. (2006). Leadership Lessons from West Point, New York; Jossey-Bass

Bjorkman, T. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

Book Review: Christiansson, Magnus (ed.) (2007). Eight Essays in Contemporary War Studies. Stockholm, Sweden: Military Academy Karlberg

Roxborough, I. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

Book Review: Said, S. (2006). Legitimizing Military Rule: Indonesian Armed Forces Ideology, 1958-2000. Foreword by Juwono Sudarsono. Jakarta, Indonesia: Pustaka Sinar Harapan in cooperation with the Southeast Asian Centre, Hong Kong, and Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia. Said, S. (2006). Soeharto's Armed Forces: Problems of Civil Military Relations in Indonesia. Foreword by Harold Crouch. Jakarta, Indonesia: Pustaka Sinar Harapan

Lachica, E. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

Book Review: Lindner, E. (2006). Making Enemies: Humiliation and International Conflict. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International

Meine, R. E. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

Book Review: Kolditz, T. A. (2007). In Extremis Leadership: Leading As If Your Life Depended on It. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

Yden, K. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:35 PST

Book Review: Anderson, D. L. (2002). The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War. New York: Columbia University Press

DiPaolo, A. — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 15:32:36 PST